Analyze This!

If you’re starting to take gardening seriously, you really should have an occasional soil test done. It’s important to understand the soil you garden in, especially just when you’re starting a new flower bed or vegetable garden.

The test will tell you, among other things, whether the soil’s pH is too high or too low (that is, whether it is too alkaline or too acid) and if any vital minerals are missing. By correcting your soil’s flaws before you even begin to start planting, you’ll get much better results. And even if you decide to learn to live with the soil conditions Mother Nature gave you (or, more likely, with the poor quality subsoil left you by the contractor who removed your property’s topsoil during construction), at least you’ll know where you stand and you can then choose plants that will do well under those conditions.

What Do Soil Tests Analyze?

In general, a soil test will include the following elements:

1. Soil type/particle size analysis: is it clay, sand or loam? Does it hold water and minerals or allow them to drain away? Is there enough organic matter?

2. Acidity/alkalinity: it will measure the soil’s pH to determine its acidity or alkalinity. The pH scale for garden soils ranges from about 4 (very acidic) to a bit above 8 (very alkaline), with 7 being neutral. In general, plants require a slightly acidic to neutral pH, from 6.0 to 6.5, to do well, but acid-loving plants (rhododendrons, blueberries, heathers, etc.) prefer soil that is distinctly  acid (a ph of 4.5 to 6.0). The test also looks at the buffer pH, a factor that will help determine the amount of lime you’ll need to add to correct soil’s acidity and achieve the desired pH.

2. Phosphorus (P) Content: it will measure the amount of phosphoric acid present in the soil. Phosphorus is needed to promote root development and overall plant growth. It also plays an important role in the production and ripening of fruit.

3. Potassium (K) Content: the test will determine the available potassium in the soil. Potassium makes plants more resistant to insects, disease and stress such as drought. It plays an important role in flowering, improving fruit flavor and intensifying their colors.

4. Micronutrients: these are minerals that are essential to the plant’s health, but needed in very small quantities, such as calcium, magnesium and iron. Calcium favours the growth of young roots and promotes ripening. Magnesium plays an important role in the green coloration of the foliage, ensures proper ripening of fruit and promotes the plant’s absorption of phosphorus and nitrogen. Iron promotes the development of darker green leaves and is an essential element for plant growth. Don’t underestimate the importance of micronutrients, even if the plant only requires trace levels of these minerals: their absence will cause a deficiency and lead to poor growth and reduced yields.

Not Included in the Soil Test

It may seem odd that the laboratory soil tests don’t check the soil’s nitrogen (N) level even though it is the most important mineral plants need to grow well. But nitrogen is also the most volatile mineral and its content rises and falls depending on many factors, including temperature, moisture level, and microbial activity. Soil nitrogen test results are therefore only valuable for a short time and even then only under the conditions under which the test was made. For that reason, the results of any test will always recommend the addition of some quantity of nitrogen, but by using other criteria to estimate the situation in your garden.

Where to Go for a Soil Test

Most garden centers and even many hardware stores offer a soil test service… but not in a very visible way. You won’t find a small laboratory in the center of the store in full view of everyone. Instead, you have to ask an employee about the service. In general, you will be given a bag or container in which to put your sample and a form to be completed, including what you intend to grow in the garden whose soil you want analyzed.

Then simply take the kit home, take soil samples as recommended below, and bring them back to the store.

When to Do a Soil Test?

There is no specific season for having soil tested. You can do it at any time of the year… at least, when the ground is not frozen or sopping wet. Most gardeners have theirs done in the spring, just before the growing season starts. Autumn however is perhaps the best time: if you need to apply lime, which is a very slow-acting product, a fall application will give it time to work all winter so the soil will be showing results by spring.

If you have recently limed your yard or garden, it would be better to wait 5 or 6 months before doing the test. And wait a few weeks after applying fertilizer or compost as well. By then, the soil will have regained its balance and therefore the test will more accurate results.

Taking a Sample

Each test should be of one garden only, whether a vegetable garden, a lawn, or a flowerbed, as the recommended treatments will vary depending on the plants grown. If you have a special garden with soil needs outside of the normal range, for example a rhododendron garden, a separate test is also required. Serious gardeners will often do one test a year, each time in a different garden, starting with the most urgent (a lawn in poor shape, for example) to spread the cost of testing and treatments over time.

Before you begin, thoroughly wash your sampling tool (professionals use a core drill, but a garden trowel is the home gardener’s usual choice), rinsing well to remove all traces of soap. Take the equivalent of a few large tablespoonfuls about 6 to 12 inches (15 to 30 cm) deep, in the root zone. Do not use surface soil: it often contains elements that can skew the results. Pour each sample into the test bag or container, then take other samples at different locations of the same garden (vegetable garden, lawn, flowerbed, etc.) for a total of about six samples (more if the garden is very large): this will ensure a more comprehensive picture of the situation that a single sample.

If necessary, remove any stones, sticks, etc. from the sample, wearing gloves (do not touch the sample with your hands, as they can contaminate the soil and affect the results), then blend well. Each test requires about 1 cup (250 ml) of soil; if you have too much, remove the surplus.

What do you plan to do with your garden?

It’s also very important to complete the form that accompanies  the kit. First, to identify yourself so that the results get back to you, but also so the lab knows what you want to do with the garden. That’s because there will be different recommendations for a lawn, a flowerbed, a vegetable garden or even a space that will be dedicated to a specific group of plants.

Now return the sample to the merchant. Normally, he will contact you in about two weeks with the results. The cost? The going rate in 2015 seems to be about $20.

Test Results

Expect very detailed results with specific recommendations, like “apply product X at such a dose and such a frequency”. In high-rainfall areas, soils tend to be acidic, so there may be lime to apply; in low-rainfall areas, soils tend to be alkaline, so sulphur will likely be recommended. In either case, there may well be fertilizers and organic amendments such as compost to apply. Don’t be surprised to discover that the recommended treatment for your lawn is not the same as for the flowerbed or vegetable garden, because each of these environments has different soil needs.

Frequency

Every garden really should be tested every 4 or 5 years. That way if there are any changes occurring (for example, the soil is starting to return to its original pH), you’ll be aware of them before the plants begin to suffer. You’ll also be forewarned if your soil’s mineral supply is becoming exhausted.

For a vegetable garden, test the soil even more often, every 2 or 3 years, because you won’t want to skimp on the quality of its soil, not if you want vegetables of the highest quality!

The average home gardener can follow the above rule for his lawn (a test every 4 to 5 years), but then, most gardeners are content with a lawn that is green and fairly weed-free. If you want a perfect golf green type lawn, though, biannual or annual testing may be required. When you’re a lawn nut, nothing is too good for your personal green space!