2022: Year of the Salad Greens

Get creative! Most greens can be served raw, wilted, blanched, sautéed, or grilled. 

Overview and History

Curiously, salad got its start not as a dietary staple, but as an aphrodisiac! We know this because leafy relations to modern romaine are depicted in ancient paintings as sustaining Min, the Egyptian god of fertility. Fast-forward a few thousand years and the fertility connection was still paramount in paintings by Leonardo da Vinci, including the Leda, which depicts a child holding a bouquet of lamb’s lettuce (today’s mâche) next to the goddess of fertility.

By this point in the 1500s, raw, leafy vegetables covered in oily, salted dressing were well established in the Roman diet as “herba salata”, literally, “salted herbs,” the not-so-distant cousins of tasty greens that define the healthful salads, appetizers, and mains we enjoy today.

Basic Types and Variety Names

The Asteraceae family is the source of some of the best-known salad greens:

• Lettuce is a mild-flavored leafy annual that is available in many types, textures, colors, and shapes.
• Chicories like endive and radicchio are perennial herbaceous plants that punctuate savory dishes with a bitter flavor profile.
• Dandelion greens, the mortal foe of spring lawns, are surprisingly diverse culinary additions, offering unique flavor and health benefits.

The Amaranthaceae family includes another popular green:

• Spinach is a leafy annual that’s native to central and western Asia. It’s harvested at many stages, from baby leaf to full-size leaves.

Bring on the Brassicaceae family for superior flavor and cold hardiness:

• Arugula, also called “rocket”, is a spicy-flavored leafy annual with a strong following among greens lovers.
• Kale is a nutrient-rich green, leafy, cruciferous vegetable.
• Mustard Greens offer a zesty and colorful dimension to salad mixes.

For added flavor and visual appeal, think beyond the aisle of standard greens:

• Asian Greens offer a wide array of shoots, leaves, and choys that bring a unique look, flavor, and dimension to salads.
• Chard, better known as Swiss chard and recognized for health benefits, is a green leafy vegetable with large leaf stalks typically prepared separately from stems.
• Herbs, from basil to cilantro to watercress to dill and more, fresh herbs can always take your salads and often entire meals to the next level.
• “Tops” are the tender greens of beet and turnip.

Salad Greens to try:

• Ezpark, part of the Eazyleaf series is a vibrant green incised tango lettuce. An excellent choice for all seasons, Ezpark grows well and features impressive yield and uniformity.
• Cheap Frills Mix is a diverse, frilly mix from Johnny’s Seeds that is a great introduction to different leaf types, and a visual stunner with beautiful red and green color variation.
• Oceanside is a versatile dark green spinach featuring nice thick leaves with round/oval shape, and versatile enough to be used for baby leaf or full-size leaves.
• Marciano is a compact red butterhead with nice buttery leaves that showcase a deep burgundy exterior surrounding a well-filled interior of fresh bright green leaves.

• Jara is a dark green romaine that produces beautiful compact heads and is slow to bolt in the heat.
• Eliance is a heat-tolerant, smooth-leaved, self-bleaching escarole (endive). Eliance is an easy-to-grow introduction to chicories, offering high yield and tender leaves.
• Redbor is a tall kale with impressive deep purple color. A vigorous grower with deeply serrated leaves and sturdy stems, Redbor is an excellent choice especially for cooler climates, as its color strengthens and flavor sweetens with looming frost. Beyond the salad bowl, Redbor is a great garnish or addition to floral arrangements.

How to Grow Salad Greens in your Garden

• Salad greens are all unique in terms of how they grow best, so it’s well worth following the specific planting instructions as written on the package for each variety to ensure a bountiful and continuous home harvest throughout your growing season.
• Most greens prefer cool weather (50 to 75°F/10 to 21°C), so consider if that corresponds to winter, spring, or fall in your area, so you can be ready to plant.
• Plant all greens in full sun. Soil that’s evenly moist but not too wet yields the best greens. As a general guide, spinach, kale, and mustard greens can be sown six weeks before the last frost, followed by lettuce and chard three weeks later. You can choose to transplant seedlings or sow seeds directly into the garden. . Transplants can be started earlier to get a jump on the season.

• Leafy greens grow well in the garden and are also ideal for containers. To prepare outdoor soil, consider mixing in 1 cup (250 ml) of organic fertilizer for every 10’ (3 m) row, and ensure the soil is evenly moist. For containers, choose one that is large enough that it won’t easily dry out. Fill with quality potting mix and consider mixing in peat and coir. Soil should be kept moist, not soggy. Planting depth varies by variety, so be sure to read seed package instructions. Note that some seeds, like lettuce, need light to germinate, so take care not to plant too deep.
• After germination, thin seedlings to desired spacing. If your goal is baby leaf, keep the spacing fairly dense. If you’d like to harvest whole heads, ensure spacing of 4”-8” (10 cm to 20 cm) apart within a row.
• For baby leaf, you can start harvesting when leaves are 3-4” (7 to 10 cm) tall. Many varieties will tolerate “cut-and-come-again” harvests. Allow full-size heads 3-5 weeks after transplant to mature.
• Leafy greens will have different flavors at different stages of harvest. Experiment to find out which flavor works best for you!
• As much as possible, monitor for over-exposure to heat and water to avoid “stressed greens” that taste bitter rather than fresh. When plants bolt (or send up flower stalks), pull them up as the quality will start to diminish after this.
• To ensure a continuous harvest, reseed as often as every few weeks depending on the variety

With so many fabulous greens to choose from, each of which grows a little differently, it takes some worthwhile diligence to achieve your salad goals…and it’s worth it!

10 Tips for Growing Salad Greens

1. Plan for successions, instead of one big planting.
2. Whole lettuce heads can be successfully stored longer than individual cut leaves.
3. In colder regions, row cover protection can help achieve an earlier first harvest in the spring and a later final harvest in the fall.
4. Pelleted or coated seed can improve the ease of planting and ensure less thinning.
5. Hardier greens like kale, mustard and spinach offer cold season/overwinter opportunities for the dedicated home gardener.
6. Once leaves reach maturity, harvest right away to encourage new growth and another harvest in just a few weeks.
7. Store seed in the fridge in an airtight container to extend longevity.
8. Pair bitter greens with a sweet dressing and your favorite soft cheese for a gourmet flavor combination.
9. Try choosing a theme and then let your creativity fly to create a new and interesting salad mix every time.
10. Sturdier greens like romaine, kale, and chicory hold up well when mixed with grains, nuts, and thick dressings.

Use your salad greens in unexpected ways. Red Butterhead makes a fabulous and healthy burger wrap. Grilled Romaine? A tasty twist on an old favorite. Wilted spinach? It’s incredible. Massaged kale? Try it and you’ll be hooked!

Learn more about Year of the Salad Greens…

• There’s More To A Salad Than Lettuce by NGB
• What are Microgreens? – How To Get Started Growing by True Leaf Market
• Quick Guide To Growing Lettuce by Pinetree Garden Seeds
• 10 World-Class Asian Greens to Grow — Plus 5 Easy Recipes by Johnny’s Selected Seeds
• How to Grow Salad Greens All Year by Gardener’s Supply Company
• Grow Your Own Lettuce and Mixed Greens by Ferry-Morse Home Gardening
• Heat Tolerant Lettuces and Other Greens by Botanical Interests
• Beyond Lettuce a World of Salad Greens by West Coast Seeds

Purchase Salad Greens at NGB Member Online Stores and your local garden retailer.

This article was adapted from a fact sheet prepared by National Garden Bureau and provided as an educational service. Unless otherwise mentioned, all photos are courtesy of the National Garden Bureau.